The research was established to determine the seed yield and yield component of some Amaranthus spp. varieties (Helios, Sterk and Ultra) in arid and irrigation conditions with three replications according to split plot experiment design in 2017-2018 years. In the study, plant height, stem diameter, panicle height, panicle ratio, stem yield, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and 1000 grain weight of Amaranthus spp. varieties were determined. According to research results, the effect of years (except for stem diameter, panicle ratio and 1000 grain weight), cultivars and growing conditions (except for 1000 grain weight) on investigated parameters differed significantly. Accordingly, the highest stem, seed and biological yields were determined in Sterk variety, and harvest index was Helios and Sterk variety. Considering the two-year average data, the stems, seeds and biological yields of the cultivars were higher in water than dry conditions. When evaluated in terms of years, seed yield and harvest index were higher in 2017, plant height, panicle height, stem yield and biological yield values were higher in 2018. As a result, it has been demonstrated that the seed yield of Sterk variety grown in aqueous conditions is the most suitable variety for the region.

In this study, composition, some biochemical and microbiological properties of Mus tulum cheese ripened in different packaging materials (goat skin bag and plastic bottle) were examined and evaluated for food safety. For this purpose, cheese samples stored in plastic bottle and goat skin bag in three different dairy plants were ripened at 6±2 °C for 4 months. Statistically significant differences were obtained in composition, biochemical and microbiological parameters of the cheese with regard to packing materials. In this context the dry matter, fat, protein, ash, salt, salt in dry matter contents and coliform bacteria, E.coli, coagulase (+) Staphylococcus counts were higher in the cheese samples ripened in goat skin bag; whereas pH, lipolysis level, yeast-fungi counts were lower. Consequently, the cheese ripened in different packages complies with the relevant communiqué and regulation. In addition, goat skin bag as packing material can be used safely for cheese ripening, consumer health and food safety.

?The research was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in order to determine the harvest stage of buckwheat (Fagophyrum esculentum Moench) in the irrigated conditions of Erzurum. In the research carried out according to the randomized complete blocks design with three replications, separate trials were established for hay and seed production. Forage harvests at the beginning of flowering, half-flowering and full-bloom stages; seed harvests at the 50% seed ripening, 75% seed ripening and 100% seed ripening stages were made. In the study, dry matter yield, plant height, leaf ratio, crude protein ratio, ADF and NDF ratio, seed yield, 1000-grain weight and harvest index were examined. The delay in harvest time increased dry matter yield, seed yield, plant height, leaf ratio and ADF and NDF ratio of the hay. The highest dry matter yield (478.4 kg da-1) was determined at the full flowering stage, while the highest seed yield (162.9 kg da-1) was obtained at the full ripening stage. Although there is some loss in hay quality, it has been found suitable for harvesting in full bloom period for hay production. In seed production, it is necessary to wait for the seeds in the panicles to mature completely.

Due to the use of intensive chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are increasing risks related to human and animal health and environmental problems. Therefore, interest in alternative methods is increasing day by day. Therefore, the demand in alternative methods especially in plant nutrition and plant protection products is increasing day by day. The use of organic and biological solutions in agriculture is one of these alternative methods. The importance of the use of beneficial bacteria in agriculture, which are one of the biological solutions, is increasingly understood. In this study, Bacillus subtilis TV-17C bacterial isolate, which fixes nitrogen, dissolves phosphate, dissolves calcium, produces amino acids and organic acids and produces hormones, was formulated with an organic liquid carrier and used in apple sapling cultivation. The effect of this bacterial application on some plant growth parameters, hormone levels in the plant, macro and micro nutrient levels in the plant and soil and some soil properties were investigated in this study. As a result of the research; this bacterial microbial fertilizer formulation has been shown to cause increases in all plant growth parameters and hormone levels in plants, macro and micro nutrients levels in plants and soil. Considering all these versatile effects of B. subtilis TV-17C bacterial strain, it is planned to make the necessary applications for the registration of this formulation under the trade name Stoma Fix.

The purpose of this study is to determine the demographic characteristics, problems related to tomato production activities and solution suggestions of the farmers producing tomatoes in Igdir Province. The data used in the study were obtained from 105 producers determined by the Simple Random Sampling Method by the survey method. According to the research, the average age of the producers was 52 and 18 years of tomato production, while average population of the farms in terms of Male Work Unit (MWU) is 4.28. 73.3% of the farmers had education at primary and secondary levels, and they earned income only from agricultural production, and the average land assets were determined as 24.71 decares. The producers produced 33 110 kg of tomatoes in an area of 6.07 da, obtained 5 454 kg of product from the decare and sold 1 kg of tomatoes for $ 0.29. 70% of producers sells their products on the road and in the field. Significant problems of the farmers include are the high input prices and the low product prices and sales problems. Among the solution proposals are the establishment of multipurpose agricultural cooperatives, the provision of adequate input support, and the training of growing techniques.

In this study, 8 water user associations (WUAs) were chosen to assess maintenance performance with indicators (realized rate of planned maintenance (%), maintenance cost per unit command/irrigated area (€ ha-1), rate of maintenance cost to total income (%), rate of maintenance cost to total expenditure (%), financial adequacy (%)). As a result, realization rate of planned maintenance were found to be the highest as 77.7% in Köseli WUA in the year 2017 while the lowest was (1.3%) in Sekili WUA. Total maintenance cost per unit command area was found to be the highest (58.2 € ha-1) in Çaydogan WUA, and the lowest (0.4 € ha-1) in Sekili WUA. Ratio of total maintenance cost to total income was determined as the highest (29.2%) in Köseli WUA in 2017 and the lowest (0.4%) in Sekili WUA. Financial adequacy ratios were changed between 48% to 312% among WUAs. It was observed that the maintenance budgets planned in WUAs were not compatible. According to results, it can be said that fulfilment of the basic maintenance costs needed affect the irrigation performance positively in a WUA.

Root rots were detected in 691 of 866 fields from Konya beet sugar beet growing areas between 2015 and 2017 and among these fungi most Rhizoctonia spp. has been identified. In the diagnosis of fungus; morphological diagnostics, isolation, microscopic observation, determinations of anastomosis groups by classical means were used, were used for the definitive diagnosis. 61 isolates of 71 isolates were identified as multinucleate and 10 isolates were identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. In determining anastomosis group with classical method; the isolates are divided into groups, according to hyphal reactions of Rhizoctonia isolates with test isolates; isolates were divided into groups according to C0, C1, C2, C3 type reactions and according to the way the hyphae are directed towards each other. This study is important for leading the studies to be carried out on this subject in terms of visual and methodical detail of anastomosis group determination steps and hyphal fusion in the classical way.

This research was carried out in Akçaabat and Of locations in 2015 and 2017 years, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, 18 maize landraces and two certified maize varieties were used. Except plant number per hectare, the differences among the genotypes were significant in terms of all the traits examined as average of locations. The days to silking of the genotypes was between 52.7-66.5 days, days to maturity 101.0-116.0 days, plant height 166.3-293.9 cm, first ear height 64.8-163.7 cm, stem diameter 12.53-23.45 mm, leaf number per plant 7.73-13.38, plant number per hectare 59630-75333, ear number per plant 1.00-1.13, ear length 10.85-21.95 cm, ear diameter 3.34-4.71 cm, row number per ear 8.57-14.03, grain number per ear 193.1-534.5, thousand kernel weight 270.6.5-397.0 g, grain yield 3193-11671 kg ha-1, and crude protein content 9.89-14.50%. The highest grain yields were obtained from RX9292 and Karadeniz Yildizi varieties. Among the maize landraces; the Hayrat (6980 kg ha-1), Of (6733 kg ha-1) and Vakfikebir (6714 kg ha-1) have higher yields than others. The highest crude protein contents were obtained from the Köprübasi, Çaykara and Tonya landraces. Sixteen maize landraces had the significantly higher grain protein contents than the certified varieties.

In this study; a total of seven bacterial strains (Bacillus cereus FD-63, Bacillus sphaericus FD-49, Bacillus subtilis EK-7, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstakii FDP-41, Brevibacillus brevis CP-1, Pseudomonas chlororaphis Nem-28 and Pseudomonas fluorescens KSN-1) and one fungus isolate (Beauveria bassiana ET-10) were tested for determining of biological control activity against on mature (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) and on 1., 2. and 3. larvae stages in greenhouse conditions. The most effective three bacterial strains in greenhouse conditions were tested for in field conditions. Geenhouse experiments were carried out with 5 replications and field experiments with 4 replicates. According to the results obtained from the study; the most effective B. brevis CP-1, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstakii FDP-41 and P. fluorescens KSN-1 strains in greenhouse conditions caused death 41.33%, 20% and 11.33% in the first period larvae; 20%, 26.66% and 4.66% respectively in the second stage larvae; 10%, 24.66% and 6.66% in the third stage larvae in the field conditions, respectively. In addition, it was determined that B. brevis CP-1 was not effective in mature insects but B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstakii FDP-41 and P. fluorescens KSN-1 strains caused death %30 and %4, respectively.

In this study, the quality of produced products have a great importance. For this purpose, raw milk samples is obtained from Atatürk University Dairy Plant for every four seasons separately (summer, autumn, winter, spring) to protect human health and produce quality products. Physical and chemical properties (dry matter, fat, ash, protein, specific gravity, acidity and pH) of raw milk samples and microbiological (somatic cell count, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), mould, yeast, coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) properties were investigated. Dry matter, ash (P<0.05) and fat (P<0.01) values of raw milk samples were affected significantly by dairy farm, meanwhile protein, specific gravity, pH and acidity values were not affected (P>0.05). Seasons had a significant effect on dry matter, protein, fat (P<0.05), ash and pH (P<0.01) values of raw milk samples. But, seasons did not have a significant effect on only specific gravity and acidity values (P>0.05). TAMB, yeast, mould counts indicated significantly changes based on dairy farms and seasons. On the other hand, coliform bacteria was not affected (P>0.05) by dairy farms and seasons. S. aureus counts were affected statistically by only seasons (P<0.01).

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are mineral elements with a particle size of 1 to 100 nm prepared by reducing selenate or selenite. Se NPs have a higher effect on glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity, body weight, nutrient conversion efficiency, nutrient utilization, free radical inhibition, meat quality, survival rate, Se content in tissues, rumen microbial activity, stimulation of enzyme activity compared to other selenium sources (sodium selenite, yeast-derived selenium, organic selenium sources) in animal nutrition with their large surface area/volume ratio. In addition, Se NPs exhibit lower toxicity than selenite. Se NPs can be used at lower doses and thus it may have the potential to reduce environmental pollution indirectly. This review aims to provide a summary of the studies conducted on the physical, chemical, and metabolic properties, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, dietary requirement, deficiency, fertility, sperm quality and performance of Se NPs used in ruminants nutrition.

Phenolic compounds possess an aromatic ring bearing one or more hydroxyl substituent and most are of plant origin. These bioactive components found in plant essential oils have been used as therapeutic agents because they are natural sources of antioxidants, inactivate free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and have taken place in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food research fields. In this review, phenolic compounds thymoquinone, thymol and carvacrol that can be used instead of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry were examined. Thymoquinone is the main active ingredient of Nigella sativa L., which has been used for centuries in the treatment of various animal and human ailments in world history. Thymol and carvacrol are known as the main components of thyme and its derivatives, which are widely used in pharmacology. Since various studies have investigated the antioxidant activities of thymoquinone, thymol and carvacrol and their potential to prevent lipid oxidation and to reduce the possible effects of oxidation, the studies conducted on this subject are summarized in this study.